International Council on Clean Transportation (ICCT)
Life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions from passenger cars in the European Union (ICCT 2025)
Life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions (grams of CO2-equivalent per kilometre) of medium-segment passenger cars in the EU, by powertrain: gasoline, diesel and natural gas combustion engines, hybrids, plug-in hybrids, battery electric and fuel-cell cars. Vehicle characteristics are sales-weighted averages of medium-segment cars (SUVs excluded) registered in the EU in 2023. Covers vehicle and battery production and recycling, fuel and electricity production, fuel use and maintenance over a 20-year lifetime on the projected 2025-2044 EU electricity mix (and, as a variant, on renewable electricity only). EU-specific; the result depends on that grid projection.
Numbers published from it
Licence and credit
- What the terms say
“Except as otherwise noted, material on this site is the property of the International Council on Clean Transportation, and is licensed under a Creative Commons Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.”
From the producer's terms, checked 2026-10-04; re-checked automatically every week.
- Credit we give
- Negri, M. & Bieker, G. (2025). Life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions from passenger cars in the European Union: A 2025 update and key factors to consider. International Council on Clean Transportation. CC BY-SA 4.0.
- Notice
- Values and charts derived from this ICCT report are shared under CC BY-SA 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/).
- Copy of the raw file
- Not allowed: we keep a private copy for our own checks and publish its fingerprint.
- Cite as
- Negri, M., & Bieker, G. (2025). Life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions from passenger cars in the European Union: A 2025 update and key factors to consider. International Council on Clean Transportation. https://theicct.org/publication/electric-cars-life-cycle-analysis-emissions-europe-jul25/
Files
The report (ICCT report ID 392, 38 pages): executive summary figure ES1 and the results chapters give life-cycle g CO2e/km by powertrain and life-cycle stage. 1,235,655 bytes.
https://theicct.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/ID-392-%E2%80%93-Life-cycle-GHG_report_final.pdf
Status
- Programme
- Published 8 July 2025; ICCT updates its vehicle life-cycle assessments every few years (the previous EU estimate was 2021). No newer EU passenger-car assessment was found on 4 October 2026. Non-profit, not exposed to US federal cuts.
- Updates
- Irregular (previous edition 2021)
- Last check
- Unchanged since the last fetch (2026-10-05T11:03:22Z)