{
  "attribution": "Lovering, J., Swain, M., Blomqvist, L. & Hernandez, R. R. (2022). Land-use intensity of electricity production and tomorrow's energy landscape. PLOS ONE 17(7): e0270155. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0270155. CC BY 4.0.",
  "description": "Hectares of land occupied for each terawatt-hour of electricity generated in a year, for eleven ways of making electricity, from Table 1 of Lovering et al. (2022): the median, the interquartile range and the mean across the sites and studies observed. Coal, natural gas, nuclear and dedicated biomass include the land used to mine, drill or grow their fuel. Wind and natural gas are given two ways: the land physically occupied, and the whole area inside the site's boundary. Rooftop solar is zero by the study's assumption.",
  "dimensions": [
    {
      "id": "source",
      "label": "Way of making electricity",
      "values": [
        {"id": "nuclear", "label": "Nuclear (plant and uranium fuel cycle)"},
        {"id": "geothermal", "label": "Geothermal"},
        {"id": "wind", "label": "Wind"},
        {"id": "residue-biomass", "label": "Residue biomass"},
        {"id": "natural-gas", "label": "Natural gas (plant and gas fields)"},
        {"id": "hydro", "label": "Hydroelectric (single-purpose dams)"},
        {"id": "coal", "label": "Coal (plant and mining)"},
        {"id": "solar-csp", "label": "Concentrating solar power"},
        {"id": "ground-pv", "label": "Ground-mounted solar panels"},
        {"id": "dedicated-biomass", "label": "Dedicated biomass (energy crops)"},
        {"id": "rooftop-pv", "label": "Rooftop solar panels"}
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "area",
      "label": "Land counted",
      "values": [
        {"id": "single", "label": "The paper's one definition for this source"},
        {"id": "footprint", "label": "Footprint: land physically occupied by turbine pads, well pads, roads and pipelines"},
        {"id": "spacing", "label": "Spacing: the whole area inside the wind farm or gas field boundary"}
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "statistic",
      "label": "Statistic",
      "values": [
        {"id": "median", "label": "Median across the observations"},
        {"id": "iqr", "label": "Interquartile range across the observations (the 75th minus the 25th percentile: a width, not two bounds)"},
        {"id": "mean", "label": "Mean across the observations"},
        {"id": "assigned", "label": "Assigned by the authors, not measured"}
      ]
    }
  ],
  "display": {
    "decimals": 1
  },
  "geo_coverage": "global-only",
  "headline_entity": "WLD",
  "id": "land-use-intensity.lovering-2022.by-source",
  "kind": "published-value",
  "latest": {
    "age_bp": null,
    "dims": {
      "area": "single",
      "source": "nuclear",
      "statistic": "median"
    },
    "entity": "WLD",
    "period": "2022",
    "status": "final",
    "value": 7.1
  },
  "licence": {
    "name": "CC BY 4.0",
    "spdx": "CC-BY-4.0",
    "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
  },
  "licence_class": "open",
  "notes": ["Section 2 (Methods), solar PV, p. 6: \"Integrated Solar PV, i.e. rooftop solar, is assigned an LUIE of zero in this study.\" Not measured: an assumption of the study.", "Table 1, p. 8, row \"Coal\": n = 30 observations; Tukey group D.", "Table 1, p. 8, row \"Dedicated biomass\": n = 14 observations; Tukey group G.", "Table 1, p. 8, row \"Geothermal\": n = 26 observations; Tukey group B.", "Table 1, p. 8, row \"Ground-mounted PV\": n = 94 observations; Tukey group E.", "Table 1, p. 8, row \"Hydroelectric (single purpose dams)\": n = 952 observations; left out of the ANOVA for its large variance.", "Table 1, p. 8, row \"Natural gas (footprint)\": n = 17 observations; Tukey group C D.", "Table 1, p. 8, row \"Natural gas (spacing)\": n = 4 observations; Tukey group D E.", "Table 1, p. 8, row \"Nuclear\": n = 59 observations; Tukey group A.", "Table 1, p. 8, row \"Residue biomass\": n = 4 observations; Tukey group C D.", "Table 1, p. 8, row \"Solar CSP\": n = 101 observations; Tukey group D E.", "Table 1, p. 8, row \"Wind (footprint)\": n = 57 observations; Tukey group C.", "Table 1, p. 8, row \"Wind (spacing)\": n = 57 observations; Tukey group F."],
  "notice": null,
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  "published_value": {
    "document": "lovering-2022",
    "locator": "Section 3 (Results), p. 7",
    "quote": "Nuclear had the lowest median LUIE at 7.1 ha/TWh/y, and dedicated biomass the highest at 58,000 ha/TWh/y."
  },
  "schema_version": 1,
  "scope": {
    "baseline": null,
    "basis": "Land occupied per unit of electricity generated, in hectares per terawatt-hour per year. Includes the land used to supply fuel (mining, processing, transport, gas fields, energy crops) for coal, natural gas, nuclear and dedicated biomass. Excludes land to make panels, turbines and plants, transmission lines, offshore areas and underground impacts. Hydroelectric covers single-purpose dams only (the reservoir area). Rooftop solar is zero by assumption, not measured. The period is the year of publication.",
    "bunkers": null,
    "geography": "Sites studied: nuclear, wind and ground-mounted solar in the United States, coal in the United States and Canada, dams in 80 countries, other sources from published studies worldwide",
    "gwp": null,
    "lulucf": null
  },
  "superseded_by": null,
  "table": {
    "dims": {
      "area": ["single", "single", "single", "single", "single", "single", "footprint", "footprint", "footprint", "single", "single", "single", "footprint", "footprint", "footprint", "single", "single", "single", "single", "single", "single", "single", "single", "single", "spacing", "spacing", "spacing", "single", "single", "single", "spacing", "spacing", "spacing", "single", "single", "single", "single"],
      "source": ["nuclear", "nuclear", "nuclear", "geothermal", "geothermal", "geothermal", "wind", "wind", "wind", "residue-biomass", "residue-biomass", "residue-biomass", "natural-gas", "natural-gas", "natural-gas", "hydro", "hydro", "hydro", "coal", "coal", "coal", "solar-csp", "solar-csp", "solar-csp", "natural-gas", "natural-gas", "natural-gas", "ground-pv", "ground-pv", "ground-pv", "wind", "wind", "wind", "dedicated-biomass", "dedicated-biomass", "dedicated-biomass", "rooftop-pv"],
      "statistic": ["median", "iqr", "mean", "median", "iqr", "mean", "median", "iqr", "mean", "median", "iqr", "mean", "median", "iqr", "mean", "median", "iqr", "mean", "median", "iqr", "mean", "median", "iqr", "mean", "median", "iqr", "mean", "median", "iqr", "mean", "median", "iqr", "mean", "median", "iqr", "mean", "assigned"]
    },
    "entity": ["WLD", "WLD", "WLD", "WLD", "WLD", "WLD", "WLD", "WLD", "WLD", "WLD", "WLD", "WLD", "WLD", "WLD", "WLD", "WLD", "WLD", "WLD", "WLD", "WLD", "WLD", "WLD", "WLD", "WLD", "WLD", "WLD", "WLD", "WLD", "WLD", "WLD", "WLD", "WLD", "WLD", "WLD", "WLD", "WLD", "WLD"],
    "note": [8, 8, 8, 3, 3, 3, 11, 11, 11, 9, 9, 9, 6, 6, 6, 5, 5, 5, 1, 1, 1, 10, 10, 10, 7, 7, 7, 4, 4, 4, 12, 12, 12, 2, 2, 2, 0],
    "period": ["2022", "2022", "2022", "2022", "2022", "2022", "2022", "2022", "2022", "2022", "2022", "2022", "2022", "2022", "2022", "2022", "2022", "2022", "2022", "2022", "2022", "2022", "2022", "2022", "2022", "2022", "2022", "2022", "2022", "2022", "2022", "2022", "2022", "2022", "2022", "2022", "2022"],
    "status": ["final", "final", "final", "final", "final", "final", "final", "final", "final", "final", "final", "final", "final", "final", "final", "final", "final", "final", "final", "final", "final", "final", "final", "final", "final", "final", "final", "final", "final", "final", "final", "final", "final", "final", "final", "final", "final"],
    "value": [7.1, 4.8, 15.0, 45.0, 150.0, 140.0, 130.0, 120.0, 170.0, 130.0, 71.0, 150.0, 410.0, 210.0, 410.0, 650.0, 2300.0, 15000.0, 1000.0, 1200.0, 1100.0, 1300.0, 650.0, 2000.0, 1900.0, 2800.0, 1900.0, 2000.0, 860.0, 2100.0, 12000.0, 12000.0, 15000.0, 58000.0, 59000.0, 160000.0, 0.0]
  },
  "time_basis": "calendar",
  "title": "Land used per unit of electricity, by way of making it (Lovering et al. 2022)",
  "unit": {
    "code": "ha-per-TWh-per-year",
    "label": "hectares per terawatt-hour generated in a year",
    "short": "ha/TWh/yr"
  },
  "vintage": "PLOS ONE 17(7): e0270155 (2022)"
}