{
  "attribution": "IEA 2026; Energy Technology Perspectives 2026, https://www.iea.org/reports/energy-technology-perspectives-2026, License: CC BY 4.0",
  "description": "How much more the IEA expects it to cost to produce near-zero emissions iron-based steel (made with hydrogen) than conventional steel in 2035 under today's policies, without targeted policy support: about 20 to 145 percent more, depending on the region.",
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    "value": 20.0
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  "notes": ["Chapter 3, near-zero emissions steel dashboard, p. 139: \"Near-zero emissions steel is more expensive than conventional. This is especially true for iron-based steel, where levelised costs of production in 2035 are expected to be about 20-145% higher (USD 125-600 per tonne of crude steel) in the STEPS, in the absence of targeted policy support or significant scale-up.\""],
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    "locator": "Chapter 3, near-zero emissions steel dashboard, p. 139",
    "quote": "Near-zero emissions steel is more expensive than conventional. This is especially true for iron-based steel, where levelised costs of production in 2035 are expected to be about 20-145% higher (USD 125-600 per tonne of crude steel) in the STEPS, in the absence of targeted policy support or significant scale-up."
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    "basis": "Levelised cost of producing iron-based steel in 2035 in the IEA's Stated Policies Scenario (STEPS): hydrogen direct reduced iron with an electric arc furnace, compared with blast furnace-basic oxygen furnace and natural gas DRI production, region by region; the range runs from lower- to higher-cost regions. Excludes explicit policy support such as carbon pricing or subsidies (method note, p. 162). Projection.",
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  "title": "Extra cost of near-zero emissions steel in 2035, percent (IEA)",
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  "vintage": "Energy Technology Perspectives 2026 (IEA, March 2026; revised April and July 2026)"
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