{
  "attribution": "IEA 2026; Energy Technology Perspectives 2026, https://www.iea.org/reports/energy-technology-perspectives-2026, License: CC BY 4.0",
  "description": "How much more the IEA expects it to cost to produce a tonne of near-zero emissions iron-based steel (made with hydrogen) than a tonne of conventional steel in 2035 under today's policies, without targeted policy support: USD 125 to 600 per tonne of crude steel, depending on the region.",
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  "headline_entity": "WLD",
  "id": "green-premium.iea-etp-2026.steel-usd",
  "kind": "published-value",
  "latest": {
    "age_bp": null,
    "dims": {
      "bound": "low"
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    "entity": "WLD",
    "period": "2035",
    "status": "projection",
    "value": 125.0
  },
  "licence": {
    "name": "CC BY 4.0, subject to the IEA Notice for CC-licensed Content",
    "spdx": "CC-BY-4.0",
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  "licence_class": "open",
  "notes": ["Chapter 3, near-zero emissions steel dashboard, p. 139: \"Near-zero emissions steel is more expensive than conventional. This is especially true for iron-based steel, where levelised costs of production in 2035 are expected to be about 20-145% higher (USD 125-600 per tonne of crude steel) in the STEPS, in the absence of targeted policy support or significant scale-up.\""],
  "notice": null,
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  "processing": [
    {
      "description": "Read the text of the PDF (sha256 c4880aa007fc…). Found each of the 1 quoted statement(s) word for word on PDF page(s) 139, and the 2 context sentence(s) the scope relies on, before publishing.",
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      "description": "Published each number exactly as printed, with its statement in the value's note. A range 'A-B%' is published as its low end A and high end B (dimension 'bound'); nothing was computed, rounded or combined with any other source.",
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  "published_value": {
    "document": "iea-etp-2026",
    "locator": "Chapter 3, near-zero emissions steel dashboard, p. 139",
    "quote": "Near-zero emissions steel is more expensive than conventional. This is especially true for iron-based steel, where levelised costs of production in 2035 are expected to be about 20-145% higher (USD 125-600 per tonne of crude steel) in the STEPS, in the absence of targeted policy support or significant scale-up."
  },
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  "scope": {
    "baseline": null,
    "basis": "Levelised cost of producing iron-based steel in 2035 in the IEA's Stated Policies Scenario (STEPS): hydrogen direct reduced iron with an electric arc furnace, compared with blast furnace-basic oxygen furnace and natural gas DRI production, region by region; the range runs from lower- to higher-cost regions. Excludes explicit policy support such as carbon pricing or subsidies (method note, p. 162). Projection. Real 2024 US dollars at market exchange rates (the report's convention, p. 32).",
    "bunkers": null,
    "geography": "World (range across regions)",
    "gwp": null,
    "lulucf": null
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    "value": [125.0, 600.0]
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  "time_basis": "calendar",
  "title": "Extra cost of near-zero emissions steel in 2035, per tonne (IEA)",
  "unit": {
    "code": "USD2024/t-crude-steel",
    "label": "US dollars (2024) per tonne of crude steel",
    "short": "USD/t crude steel"
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  "vintage": "Energy Technology Perspectives 2026 (IEA, March 2026; revised April and July 2026)"
}