{
  "attribution": "Calculated by Environment Dashboard from Global Carbon Project data: Supplemental data of Global Carbon Budget 2025 (Version 1.0), ICOS Carbon Portal, doi:10.18160/GCP-2025, CC BY 4.0. Friedlingstein et al. (2026), Global Carbon Budget 2025, Earth Syst. Sci. Data 18, 3211–3288, doi:10.5194/essd-18-3211-2026. Changes: cement carbonation sink subtracted from fossil emissions; converted from billion tonnes of carbon to billion tonnes of carbon dioxide (× 3.664).",
  "description": "Carbon dioxide released each year since 1959 by burning fossil fuels, making cement and other industrial processes, minus the carbon dioxide that cement takes back up as it ages. This is the Global Carbon Budget's headline fossil emissions value.",
  "dimensions": [],
  "display": {
    "decimals": 1
  },
  "geo_coverage": "global-only",
  "headline_entity": "WLD",
  "id": "emissions.gcb-2025.fossil-net-global",
  "kind": "series",
  "latest": {
    "age_bp": null,
    "dims": {},
    "entity": "WLD",
    "period": "2024",
    "status": "final",
    "value": 37.776777629967036
  },
  "licence": {
    "name": "CC BY 4.0 (ICOS CCBY4 Data Licence)",
    "spdx": "CC-BY-4.0",
    "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
  },
  "licence_class": "open",
  "notes": [],
  "notice": "Atmospheric growth from 1959: NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (Lan et al.), with Scripps Institution of Oceanography measurements for 1959 to 1980. Historical budget before 1959: atmospheric growth from Joos and Spahni (2008), Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 105, 1425–1430; ocean sink from DeVries et al. (2014), Global Biogeochem. Cycles 28, 631–647, and Khatiwala et al. (2013), Biogeosciences 10, 2169–2191.",
  "origins": [
    {"acquisition": "automatic", "artifact_id": "global-budget", "bytes": 480363, "citation_full": "Global Carbon Project. (2026). Supplemental data of Global Carbon Budget 2025 (Version 1.0) [Data set]. Global Carbon Project. https://doi.org/10.18160/gcp-2025", "date_accessed": "2026-10-04", "date_published": "2026-05-17", "doi": "10.18160/GCP-2025", "etag": "\"d62ae19e36bfa4d1\"", "last_modified": "Sun, 17 May 2026 16:23:09 GMT", "licence": {"name": "CC BY 4.0 (ICOS CCBY4 Data Licence)", "spdx": "CC-BY-4.0", "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}, "producer": "Global Carbon Project", "r2_url": "https://files.environmentdashboard.org/raw/a928cf06c57576b66761d1fec8224c9a41a781eb63442afc03ba902858dd64a9.zst", "sha256": "a928cf06c57576b66761d1fec8224c9a41a781eb63442afc03ba902858dd64a9", "source_id": "gcb-2025-global", "title": "Global Carbon Budget 2025: global sources and sinks of carbon dioxide", "url_download": "https://data.icos-cp.eu/objects/qSjPBsV1drZnYdH-yCJMmkGn", "url_main": "https://www.icos-cp.eu/GCP/2025", "version_producer": "2025 v1.0", "wayback_url": null}
  ],
  "processing": [
    {
      "description": "Read the sheet 'Global Carbon Budget' of Global_Carbon_Budget_2025_v1.0.xlsx (Global Carbon Budget 2025 v1.0, ICOS object qSjPBsV1drZnYdH-yCJMmkGn): one row per year 1959–2024, in billion tonnes of carbon per year. Sinks are positive numbers in the sheet and stay positive here.",
      "inputs": ["a928cf06c57576b66761d1fec8224c9a41a781eb63442afc03ba902858dd64a9"],
      "lock_sha256": "7e110986c30381965c2e6096466c401cbf72bd1b7a828369f6f6c14c909dcbda",
      "script": "pipeline/src/envdash/transforms/emissions/gcb_global.py",
      "transform_sha256": "63ef45577c93e407d829b864e7503055cba3ebf917a19ce9f03bf6f38914a16b"
    },
    {
      "description": "Checked the sheet's definition of the budget imbalance on every year: fossil emissions plus land-use change emissions, minus atmospheric growth, ocean sink, land sink and cement carbonation sink, equals the imbalance column (largest difference 3.3e-14 GtC/yr). This confirms that the fossil column is before the cement carbonation sink is subtracted.",
      "inputs": ["a928cf06c57576b66761d1fec8224c9a41a781eb63442afc03ba902858dd64a9"],
      "lock_sha256": "7e110986c30381965c2e6096466c401cbf72bd1b7a828369f6f6c14c909dcbda",
      "script": "pipeline/src/envdash/transforms/emissions/gcb_global.py",
      "transform_sha256": "63ef45577c93e407d829b864e7503055cba3ebf917a19ce9f03bf6f38914a16b"
    },
    {
      "description": "Subtracted the cement carbonation sink from fossil emissions (excluding carbonation) for each year, which gives the Global Carbon Budget's headline fossil value.",
      "inputs": ["a928cf06c57576b66761d1fec8224c9a41a781eb63442afc03ba902858dd64a9"],
      "lock_sha256": "7e110986c30381965c2e6096466c401cbf72bd1b7a828369f6f6c14c909dcbda",
      "script": "pipeline/src/envdash/transforms/emissions/gcb_global.py",
      "transform_sha256": "63ef45577c93e407d829b864e7503055cba3ebf917a19ce9f03bf6f38914a16b"
    },
    {
      "description": "Converted from billion tonnes of carbon to billion tonnes of carbon dioxide by multiplying by 3.664, the factor the sheet states (\"multiply the numbers below by 3.664\"), with exact decimal arithmetic on the stored values.",
      "inputs": ["a928cf06c57576b66761d1fec8224c9a41a781eb63442afc03ba902858dd64a9"],
      "lock_sha256": "7e110986c30381965c2e6096466c401cbf72bd1b7a828369f6f6c14c909dcbda",
      "script": "pipeline/src/envdash/transforms/emissions/gcb_global.py",
      "transform_sha256": "63ef45577c93e407d829b864e7503055cba3ebf917a19ce9f03bf6f38914a16b"
    }
  ],
  "published_value": null,
  "schema_version": 1,
  "scope": {
    "baseline": null,
    "basis": "Carbon dioxide from fossil fuels and industry, net of the cement carbonation sink.",
    "bunkers": "included",
    "geography": "World",
    "gwp": null,
    "lulucf": "excluded"
  },
  "superseded_by": null,
  "table": {
    "dims": {},
    "entity": ["WLD", "WLD", "WLD", "WLD", "WLD", "WLD", "WLD", "WLD", "WLD", "WLD", "WLD", "WLD", "WLD", "WLD", "WLD", "WLD", "WLD", "WLD", "WLD", "WLD", "WLD", "WLD", "WLD", "WLD", "WLD", "WLD", "WLD", "WLD", "WLD", "WLD", "WLD", "WLD", "WLD", "WLD", "WLD", "WLD", "WLD", "WLD", "WLD", "WLD", "WLD", "WLD", "WLD", "WLD", "WLD", "WLD", "WLD", "WLD", "WLD", "WLD", "WLD", "WLD", "WLD", "WLD", "WLD", "WLD", "WLD", "WLD", "WLD", "WLD", "WLD", "WLD", "WLD", "WLD", "WLD", "WLD"],
    "period": ["1959", "1960", "1961", "1962", "1963", "1964", "1965", "1966", "1967", "1968", "1969", "1970", "1971", "1972", "1973", "1974", "1975", "1976", "1977", "1978", "1979", "1980", "1981", "1982", "1983", "1984", "1985", "1986", "1987", "1988", "1989", "1990", "1991", "1992", "1993", "1994", "1995", "1996", "1997", "1998", "1999", "2000", "2001", "2002", "2003", "2004", "2005", "2006", "2007", "2008", "2009", "2010", "2011", "2012", "2013", "2014", "2015", "2016", "2017", "2018", "2019", "2020", "2021", "2022", "2023", "2024"],
    "status": ["final", "final", "final", "final", "final", "final", "final", "final", "final", "final", "final", "final", "final", "final", "final", "final", "final", "final", "final", "final", "final", "final", "final", "final", "final", "final", "final", "final", "final", "final", "final", "final", "final", "final", "final", "final", "final", "final", "final", "final", "final", "final", "final", "final", "final", "final", "final", "final", "final", "final", "final", "final", "final", "final", "final", "final", "final", "final", "final", "final", "final", "final", "final", "final", "final", "final"],
    "value": [8.805931009227836, 9.333300755607901, 9.357775812122473, 9.685879737242832, 10.201490279983766, 10.753066535459132, 11.235373249844521, 11.781888255236584, 12.152681572786035, 12.814728091076159, 13.665912904804307, 14.797523038984501, 15.395987069183874, 16.110205508058467, 16.954199419549546, 16.872192254665325, 16.861609930380848, 17.726947636191873, 18.215793121737786, 18.873184586973345, 19.352258083263877, 19.249615536844477, 18.717166739106293, 18.565189533019137, 18.732842464870444, 19.283516632946768, 19.9670947893783, 20.253736296616886, 20.91437634485491, 21.717416399095402, 21.992186621739066, 22.52093194290642, 22.9883661331032, 22.29332776614689, 22.512582238524097, 22.724938499115954, 23.255308224720856, 23.961272138186928, 24.09799857801245, 24.009773761532323, 24.542001484980236, 25.205763936867417, 25.37673283008708, 25.932334017848085, 27.294977005173, 28.2285912954719, 29.191484447814464, 30.152000436641213, 31.02296308776308, 31.553586068572777, 30.990657453574716, 32.759940864853256, 33.880890782092, 34.32683288855526, 34.61185407290655, 34.77962500156507, 34.70912334252992, 34.68870589087907, 35.259469149530105, 36.002444159111235, 36.31868806850705, 34.37542263995859, 36.0445993428023, 36.718409007937225, 37.26095802545393, 37.776777629967036]
  },
  "time_basis": "calendar",
  "title": "Fossil carbon dioxide emissions, world (Global Carbon Budget)",
  "unit": {
    "code": "GtCO2/yr",
    "label": "billion tonnes of carbon dioxide per year",
    "short": "Gt CO₂/yr"
  },
  "vintage": "2025 v1.0"
}