{
  "attribution": "Ivanova, D., Barrett, J., Wiedenhofer, D., Macura, B., Callaghan, M. & Creutzig, F. (2020). Quantifying the potential for climate change mitigation of consumption options. Environmental Research Letters 15, 093001. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/ab8589. CC BY 4.0.",
  "description": "How much each of 28 household consumption options cut greenhouse gas emissions per person per year in the studies reviewed by Ivanova et al. (2020): the mean, the median and the range across studies, for the options whose values the article's text states. The values mostly come from high-income settings, depend on context (the electricity mix, the car replaced, the starting diet) and do not add up across options.",
  "dimensions": [
    {
      "id": "domain",
      "label": "Consumption domain",
      "values": [
        {"id": "transport", "label": "Transport"},
        {"id": "food", "label": "Food"},
        {"id": "housing", "label": "Housing"}
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "option",
      "label": "Consumption option",
      "values": [
        {"id": "living-car-free", "label": "Living car-free"},
        {"id": "shift-to-bev", "label": "Shift to battery electric vehicle (BEV)"},
        {"id": "one-less-flight-long-return", "label": "One less flight (long return)"},
        {"id": "less-transport-by-air", "label": "Less transport by air"},
        {"id": "phev-hev", "label": "(Plug-in) hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV/HEV)"},
        {"id": "one-less-flight-medium-return", "label": "One less flight (medium return)"},
        {"id": "telecommuting", "label": "Telecommuting"},
        {"id": "energy-and-material-efficiency", "label": "Energy and material efficiency"},
        {"id": "fuel-cell-vehicles", "label": "Fuel cell vehicles (FCV)"},
        {"id": "vegan-diet", "label": "Vegan diet"},
        {"id": "mediterranean-and-similar-diet", "label": "Mediterranean and similar diet"},
        {"id": "improved-cooking-equipment", "label": "Improved cooking equipment"},
        {"id": "vegetarian-diet", "label": "Vegetarian diet"},
        {"id": "organic-food", "label": "Organic food"},
        {"id": "regional-and-local-food", "label": "Regional and local food"},
        {"id": "nutrition-guidelines-diets", "label": "Nutrition guidelines diets"},
        {"id": "seasonal-and-fresh-food", "label": "Seasonal and fresh food"},
        {"id": "food-waste-management", "label": "Food waste management"},
        {"id": "renewable-electricity", "label": "Renewable electricity"},
        {"id": "producing-own-renewable-electricity", "label": "Producing own renewable electricity"},
        {"id": "refurbishment-and-renovation", "label": "Refurbishment and renovation"},
        {"id": "heat-pump", "label": "Heat pump"},
        {"id": "renewable-based-heating", "label": "Renewable-based heating"},
        {"id": "passive-house", "label": "Passive house"},
        {"id": "less-living-space-and-co-housing", "label": "Less living space and co-housing"},
        {"id": "hot-water-saving", "label": "Hot water saving"},
        {"id": "smart-metering", "label": "Smart metering"},
        {"id": "lowering-room-temperature", "label": "Lowering room temperature (by 1 °C to 3 °C)"}
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "statistic",
      "label": "Statistic",
      "values": [
        {"id": "mean", "label": "Mean of the reviewed studies"},
        {"id": "median", "label": "Median of the reviewed studies"}
      ]
    }
  ],
  "display": {
    "decimals": 2
  },
  "geo_coverage": "global-only",
  "headline_entity": "WLD",
  "id": "action.ivanova-2020.options",
  "kind": "published-value",
  "latest": {
    "age_bp": null,
    "dims": {
      "domain": "transport",
      "option": "living-car-free",
      "statistic": "median"
    },
    "entity": "WLD",
    "period": "2020",
    "status": "final",
    "value": 2.0
  },
  "licence": {
    "name": "CC BY 4.0",
    "spdx": "CC-BY-4.0",
    "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
  },
  "licence_class": "open",
  "notes": ["Abstract, p. 1: \"In the context of food, the highest carbon savings come from dietary changes, particularly an adoption of vegan diet with an average and median mitigation potential of 0.9 and 0.8 tCO₂eq/cap, respectively.\" / Section 3.2 (Food), p. 8: \"The mitigation potential associated with a diet change involving a reduction in the amount of animal products consumed varies between 2.1 and 0.4 tCO₂eq/cap (mean of 0.9 tCO₂eq/cap) for a Vegan diet, between 1.5 and 0.01 (0.5) for a Vegetarian diet, and between 2.0 and −0.1 (0.6) for Mediterranean and similar diet—e.g. Atlantic and New Nordic. The three types of diets have median mitigation potential of 0.9, 0.5 and 0.4 tCO₂eq/cap, respectively.\"", "Abstract, p. 1: \"Shifting to renewable electricity and refurbishment and renovation are the options with the highest mitigation potential in the housing domain, with medians at 1.6 and 0.9 tCO₂eq/cap, respectively.\"", "Abstract, p. 1: \"Shifting to renewable electricity and refurbishment and renovation are the options with the highest mitigation potential in the housing domain, with medians at 1.6 and 0.9 tCO₂eq/cap, respectively.\" / Section 3.3 (Housing), p. 9: \"The mitigation options with the highest potential on average include purchasing Renewable electricity and Producing own renewable electricity with average values of 1.5 (ranging between 2.5 and 0.3) and 1.3 (ranging between 4.8 and 0.1) tCO₂eq/cap (figure 5). The two options have median mitigation potential of 1.6 and 0.6 tCO₂eq/cap, respectively.\"", "Section 3.1 (Transport), p. 5: \"Carbon reduction potential varies between 3.1 and −0.2 (mean of 0.7) tCO₂eq/cap for (plug-in) hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV/HEV), and between 5.8 and −3.4 (mean of 0) tCO₂eq/cap for fuel cell vehicles (FCV).\"", "Section 3.1 (Transport), p. 5: \"Living car-free has the highest median mitigation potential across all of the reviewed options at 2.0 tCO₂eq/cap, with a range between 3.6 and 0.6 tCO₂eq/cap.\"", "Section 3.1 (Transport), p. 5: \"One less flight (long return) may reduce between 4.5 and 0.7 (mean of 1.9) tCO₂eq/cap, while taking One less flight (medium return)—between 1.5 and 0.2 (0.6) tCO₂eq/cap. The two options have a median reduction potential of 1.7 and 0.6 tCO₂eq/cap, respectively.\"", "Section 3.1 (Transport), p. 5: \"Other studies exploring partial reductions in air travel (Less transport by air) find an average reduction potential of 0.8 tCO₂eq/cap.\"", "Section 3.1 (Transport), p. 5: \"Telecommuting practices reduce commute emissions between 1.4 and 0.1 (mean of 0.4) tCO₂eq/cap,\"", "Section 3.1 (Transport), p. 5: \"The Shift to battery electric vehicle (BEV) from ICEV has mitigation potential between 5.4 and −1.9 tCO₂eq/cap, with an average and median of 2.0 tCO₂eq/cap.\"", "Section 3.1 (Transport), p. 7: \"Energy and material efficiency (e.g. more efficient combustion engine, lightweight materials, improved fuel economy, cleaner fuels) [74, 79–82] brings a reduction between 1.46 and 0.01 (mean of 0.3) tCO₂eq/cap.\"", "Section 3.2 (Food), p. 8: \"Nutrition guidelines diets optimized with regards to health guidelines (generally including a reduction in the red meat intake and increase in plant-based foods) are associated with more moderate potential reductions between 1.3 and 0.01 tCO₂eq/cap (mean of 0.3 tCO₂eq/cap).\"", "Section 3.2 (Food), p. 8: \"The mitigation potential associated with a diet change involving a reduction in the amount of animal products consumed varies between 2.1 and 0.4 tCO₂eq/cap (mean of 0.9 tCO₂eq/cap) for a Vegan diet, between 1.5 and 0.01 (0.5) for a Vegetarian diet, and between 2.0 and −0.1 (0.6) for Mediterranean and similar diet—e.g. Atlantic and New Nordic. The three types of diets have median mitigation potential of 0.9, 0.5 and 0.4 tCO₂eq/cap, respectively.\"", "Section 3.2 (Food), p. 9: \"Food waste management of unavoidable food waste is associated with more modest average mitigation potential of 0.03 tCO₂eq/cap.\"", "Section 3.2 (Food), p. 9: \"Improved cooking equipment is associated with strong mitigation potential amounting to a mean and a median of 0.6 tCO₂eq/cap.\"", "Section 3.2 (Food), p. 9: \"Opting for Regional and local food and Seasonal and fresh food involves average reductions of 0.4 and 0.2 tCO₂eq/cap.\"", "Section 3.2 (Food), p. 9: \"Organic food have lower emissions compared to conventionally produced food, with an average annual mitigation potential of 0.5 tCO₂eq/cap and a median of 0.4 tCO₂eq/cap.\"", "Section 3.3 (Housing), p. 10: \"Other behavioral interventions such as Hot water saving and Lowering room temperature by 1 °C–3 °C bring about an average saving of 0.3 and 0.1 tCO₂eq/cap, respectively.\"", "Section 3.3 (Housing), p. 9: \"Other effective infrastructure-related options associated with space heating include Refurbishment and renovation, opting for Heat pump and Renewable-based heating, which offer an average mitigation potential of 0.9, 0.8 and 0.7 tCO₂eq/cap, respectively.\"", "Section 3.3 (Housing), p. 9: \"The mitigation options with the highest potential on average include purchasing Renewable electricity and Producing own renewable electricity with average values of 1.5 (ranging between 2.5 and 0.3) and 1.3 (ranging between 4.8 and 0.1) tCO₂eq/cap (figure 5). The two options have median mitigation potential of 1.6 and 0.6 tCO₂eq/cap, respectively.\"", "Section 3.3 (Housing), p. 9: \"The reviewed mitigation potential of Smart metering varies between 1.1 and 0 tCO₂eq/cap, with an average of 0.2 tCO₂eq/cap.\"", "Section 3.3 (Housing), p. 9: \"The shift to a Passive house is associated with an average reduction potential of 0.5 tCO₂eq/cap (based on estimates by three studies), excluding GHG emissions associated with changes in infrastructure.\"", "Section 3.3 (Housing), pp. 9–10: \"Less living space and co-housing—which includes options such as smaller living space (and hence less heating and construction), collective living with others and renting out guest rooms for other people to live in—offer carbon reductions of up to 1.0 tCO₂eq/cap, and an average of 0.3 tCO₂eq/cap.\""],
  "notice": null,
  "origins": [
    {"acquisition": "manual", "artifact_id": "article-pdf", "bytes": 2037080, "citation_full": "Diana Ivanova et al 2020 Environ. Res. Lett. 15 093001 https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab8589", "date_accessed": "2026-10-04", "date_published": "2020-08-20", "doi": "10.1088/1748-9326/ab8589", "etag": null, "last_modified": null, "licence": {"name": "CC BY 4.0", "spdx": "CC-BY-4.0", "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}, "producer": "Ivanova, Barrett, Wiedenhofer, Macura, Callaghan and Creutzig (University of Leeds, BOKU Vienna, Stockholm Environment Institute, MCC Berlin); published in Environmental Research Letters (IOP Publishing)", "r2_url": "https://files.environmentdashboard.org/raw/f41eb020a2b60570445ca2795a82a51d9313be1ad3857f5c458b684beaf91d0e.zst", "sha256": "f41eb020a2b60570445ca2795a82a51d9313be1ad3857f5c458b684beaf91d0e", "source_id": "ivanova-2020", "title": "Mitigation potential of household consumption options (Ivanova et al. 2020)", "url_download": "https://zenodo.org/api/records/4106717/files/ERL%20Ivanova%20etal%202020%20Potential%20consumption%20options%20climate%20change%20mitigation.pdf/content", "url_main": "https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab8589", "version_producer": "Environ. Res. Lett. 15 093001 (2020)", "wayback_url": null}
  ],
  "processing": [
    {
      "description": "Read the text of the article's version-of-record PDF (sha256 f41eb020a2b6…, the copy the authors deposited on Zenodo). Found each of 21 sentences from the abstract and section 3 word for word on its page before publishing; a minus sign had to match a minus sign.",
      "inputs": ["f41eb020a2b60570445ca2795a82a51d9313be1ad3857f5c458b684beaf91d0e"],
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    },
    {
      "description": "Published the mean, the median and the range across the reviewed studies for the 28 options whose values the text states, exactly as printed. Values listed with several options are read in the order the options are named; 'between A and B' is the range across studies. Each value's sentence is in its note.",
      "inputs": ["f41eb020a2b60570445ca2795a82a51d9313be1ad3857f5c458b684beaf91d0e"],
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    },
    {
      "description": "Left out statements that give one number for several options, a bound ('more than', 'up to'), an approximate value ('around') or a total; the other 33 of the 61 options are only in the article's figures and its supplementary spreadsheet. Where the article states one value twice with different numbers, the value is null and both statements are given.",
      "inputs": ["f41eb020a2b60570445ca2795a82a51d9313be1ad3857f5c458b684beaf91d0e"],
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  "published_value": {
    "document": "ivanova-2020",
    "locator": "Section 3.1 (Transport), p. 5",
    "quote": "Living car-free has the highest median mitigation potential across all of the reviewed options at 2.0 tCO₂eq/cap, with a range between 3.6 and 0.6 tCO₂eq/cap."
  },
  "schema_version": 1,
  "scope": {
    "baseline": null,
    "basis": "Meta-review of 53 studies published after 2011 (search of 24 May 2019); the period is the year the review was published. The statistics are across the reviewed studies' estimates for each option, not a measurement of any population. Negative values mean emissions rose.",
    "bunkers": null,
    "geography": "Studies reviewed worldwide, mostly from high-income countries",
    "gwp": null,
    "lulucf": null
  },
  "superseded_by": null,
  "table": {
    "dims": {
      "domain": ["transport", "transport", "transport", "transport", "transport", "transport", "transport", "transport", "transport", "transport", "transport", "transport", "food", "food", "food", "food", "food", "food", "food", "food", "food", "food", "food", "food", "food", "food", "housing", "housing", "housing", "housing", "housing", "housing", "housing", "housing", "housing", "housing", "housing", "housing", "housing"],
      "option": ["living-car-free", "shift-to-bev", "shift-to-bev", "one-less-flight-long-return", "one-less-flight-long-return", "less-transport-by-air", "phev-hev", "one-less-flight-medium-return", "one-less-flight-medium-return", "telecommuting", "energy-and-material-efficiency", "fuel-cell-vehicles", "vegan-diet", "vegan-diet", "mediterranean-and-similar-diet", "mediterranean-and-similar-diet", "improved-cooking-equipment", "improved-cooking-equipment", "vegetarian-diet", "vegetarian-diet", "organic-food", "organic-food", "regional-and-local-food", "nutrition-guidelines-diets", "seasonal-and-fresh-food", "food-waste-management", "renewable-electricity", "renewable-electricity", "producing-own-renewable-electricity", "producing-own-renewable-electricity", "refurbishment-and-renovation", "refurbishment-and-renovation", "heat-pump", "renewable-based-heating", "passive-house", "less-living-space-and-co-housing", "hot-water-saving", "smart-metering", "lowering-room-temperature"],
      "statistic": ["median", "mean", "median", "mean", "median", "mean", "mean", "mean", "median", "mean", "mean", "mean", "mean", "median", "mean", "median", "mean", "median", "mean", "median", "mean", "median", "mean", "mean", "mean", "mean", "mean", "median", "mean", "median", "mean", "median", "mean", "mean", "mean", "mean", "mean", "mean", "mean"]
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    "interval": ["range", "range", "range", "range", "range", null, "range", "range", "range", "range", "range", "range", "range", null, "range", "range", null, null, "range", "range", null, null, null, "range", null, null, "range", "range", "range", "range", null, null, null, null, null, null, null, "range", null],
    "lower": [0.6, -1.9, -1.9, 0.7, 0.7, null, -0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.1, 0.01, -3.4, 0.4, null, -0.1, -0.1, null, null, 0.01, 0.01, null, null, null, 0.01, null, null, 0.3, 0.3, 0.1, 0.1, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, 0.0, null],
    "missing_reason": [null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, "The article states different medians for this option: 0.8 in Abstract, p. 1; 0.9 in Section 3.2 (Food), p. 8. The supplementary spreadsheet, which would settle it, has not been acquired.", null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null],
    "note": [4, 8, 8, 5, 5, 6, 3, 5, 5, 7, 9, 3, 0, 0, 11, 11, 13, 13, 11, 11, 15, 15, 14, 10, 14, 12, 18, 2, 18, 18, 17, 1, 17, 17, 20, 21, 16, 19, 16],
    "period": ["2020", "2020", "2020", "2020", "2020", "2020", "2020", "2020", "2020", "2020", "2020", "2020", "2020", "2020", "2020", "2020", "2020", "2020", "2020", "2020", "2020", "2020", "2020", "2020", "2020", "2020", "2020", "2020", "2020", "2020", "2020", "2020", "2020", "2020", "2020", "2020", "2020", "2020", "2020"],
    "status": ["final", "final", "final", "final", "final", "final", "final", "final", "final", "final", "final", "final", "final", "final", "final", "final", "final", "final", "final", "final", "final", "final", "final", "final", "final", "final", "final", "final", "final", "final", "final", "final", "final", "final", "final", "final", "final", "final", "final"],
    "upper": [3.6, 5.4, 5.4, 4.5, 4.5, null, 3.1, 1.5, 1.5, 1.4, 1.46, 5.8, 2.1, null, 2.0, 2.0, null, null, 1.5, 1.5, null, null, null, 1.3, null, null, 2.5, 2.5, 4.8, 4.8, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, 1.1, null],
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  },
  "time_basis": "calendar",
  "title": "Emission cuts from household consumption options (Ivanova et al. 2020)",
  "unit": {
    "code": "tCO2e-per-capita-per-year",
    "label": "tonnes of CO₂-equivalent per person per year",
    "short": "t CO₂e/person/yr"
  },
  "vintage": "Environ. Res. Lett. 15 093001 (2020)"
}